Portugal. Vasco da Gama arrived in India at Calicut (Kozhikode) in 1498 AD during the reign of the Zamorin, a Hindu ruler. This event marked the discovery of the sea route from Europe to India, He reached India by sea via the” Cape of Good Hope”. Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the first Portuguese governor in India. His policy is known for implementing the “Policy of Blue Water, which aimed to establish Portuguese dominance in maritime trade

Dinabandhu Mitra. Nil Darpan is a Bengali-language play written in 1858-59 by Dinabandhu Mitra, depicting the oppression of indigo farmers by British planters in Bengal. His other works include Nabin Tapasvini’, ‘Biye Pagla Budo’. ‘Sadhabar Ekadashi. and ‘Kamale Kamini. Other authors and their works : Sarojini Naidu -The Golden Threshold, The Bird of Time. Chittaranjan Das – India for Indians, Freedom Through Disobedience’

Bengali. TattvabodhiniPatrika was a Bengali monthly that started publishing from Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1843 as a mouthpiece of Debendranath Tagore’s Tattvabodhini Sabha.

Satyendra Nath Tagore Qualified in 1863. Indian Services Act, 1861 reserved certain positions for covenanted civil servants. It was enacted in 1861 during Lord Canning’s Viceroyalty. Charles Cornwallis is known as ‘the father of Civil services in India’.

Subhash Chandra Bose. All India Forward Bloc was a Political Party formed on May 3, 1939 in Makur Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. Its formation announced in Calcutta.

Odisha. The Khurda Revolt of 1817 was an armed uprising against the British, sparked by the rapid and disruptive changes introduced by the East India Company, which agitated the local population. This revolt also impacted other districts of Odisha, such as Cuttack. It is also known as the Paika Rebellion or Paika Bidroha, and it was led by Bakshi Jagabandhu.

February 1948. Drafting Committee Formed – 29 August 1947,  Chairman  Dr. BR Ambedkar Total member-7.

“The Discovery of India’ is a book by Jawaharlal Nehru.

1915. Hindu Mahasabha (Founder – Madan Mohan Malaviya) First All India Hindu Mahasabha Conference Haridwar (1915). In 1930, it emerged as a distinct party under the leadership of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. Prominent Leaders – Lala Lajpat Rai, Navin Chandra
Rai, Radha Mohan Das Agarwal, Chandroji Angre, Mahant Avaidyanath.

1920. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in Bombay. The AlTUC was a broad-based organisation involving diverse ideologies. The main ideological groups were the communists led by S.A. Dange and M.N.Roy, the moderates led by M. Joshi and Giri and the nationalists which involved people like Lala Lajpat Rai and Jawaharlal Nehru

Madame HP Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott. The Theosophical Society, emphasized the study of ancient Hindu, Buddhist, and Zoroastrian philosophies. It advocated for universal brotherhood based on principles from the Upanishads and Vedas. Annie Besant joined the society in 1889 and first came to India on 16 November 1893. Its headquarters in India was established in Adyar, Madras (now Chennai). Ramabai Ranade and G. K. Devadhar were both founders of the Poona Seva Sadan.

Radcliffe Boundary Commission. The “Radcliffe Line became the border between India and Pakistan the partition of India on 17 August 1947. The Border Commission headed by Si Cyril Radcliffe. Gandhi-irwin Pact (1931-32) was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin. The Hilton Young Commission (1926) recommended the establishment of the ‘Reserve Bank of India’. The Bretton Woods Committee(BWC in 1944) created two organizations- the International Monetary Fund (MF)and the World Bank

Gulamgiri (Marathi Language), also known as Slavery. summarizes the sufferings of lower-caste people and is written in Marathi. Phule formed the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873. He, together with his wife Savitribai Phule, opened a girls’ school inPoona.

BR Ambedkar was an Indian jurist and social reformer who served as the first Minister of Law and Justice and was the chief architect of the Constitution of India. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1990. Organizations and Founders: Swatantra Shramik Party (B.R. Ambedkar), Swarajya Party (Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das). Muslim League (Agha Khan & Salimullah), Indian National Congress (A.O.Hume

Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement, led by Gandhiji, aimed to promote self-sufficiency by boycotting British goods and encouraging Indian-made products. India’s first cotton mill, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was established in Mumbai on July 7, 1854. The world’s first cotton mill, the Upper Priory Cotton Mill, was founded by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt in Birmingham, England, in 1741.

Dadabhai Naoroji  – He was known as the Grand Old Man of India”. He introduced the ‘drain theory’ in his renowned book “Poverty and the Un-British Rule in India”

Jonathan Duncan. The Sanskrit College at Varanasi was established in 1791. The Hindu College (now Presidency University) in Kolkata was founded in 1817.

Edwin Lutyens (an English architect). Other buildings designed by him: Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate, The Cenotaph Whitehall (London). The Old Parliament of India was also designed by Herbert Baker and Lutyens. The foundation stone of India Gate was laid by His Royal Highness, the Duke of Connaught in 1921.

Annie Besant first came to India on 16 November 1893. She joined the Theosophical Society in May 1889 and founded a weekly newspaper, Commonweal, in January 1914 for her political work. Other personalities and their quotes: Bal Gangadhar Tilak Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it. Lala Lajpat Rai The shots that hit me are the last nails to the coffin of British rule in India

Rabindranath Tagore. He wrote the Indian national anthem, Jana Gana Mana” in Bengali in 1911, and it was officially adopted as the national anthem of India on January 24, 1950.

Reginald The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (Amritsar massacre) took place on April 13, 1919(spring festival of Baisakhi) in Punjab. It happened under the rule of Lt. Governor of Punjab, Michael O’Dwyer, and viceroy of India, Lord Chelmsford. People gathered there to protest against the Rowlatt Act and arrests of pro-lndian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew ånd Dr. Satya Pal

Benaras. The Hindu College was founded by Jonathan Duncan, a British officer, and Raja Rameshwar Singh, the Maharaja of Banaras. The college was originally known as the Sanskrit College, and it was dedicated to the study of Sanskrit language and literature. In 1958, the Sanskrit College became a university and was rename Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in 1974. Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Hindu College in Calcutta in 1817, which is now known as Presidency University, Kolkata.

Subhas Chandra Bose. His Books : An Indian Pilgrim, Jaruri Kichu Lekha, Famous Speeches and Letters of Subhas Chandra Bose.