Independent judicial system: It means that the other organs of the government like the executive and legislature must not restrain the functioning of the judiciary in such a way that it is unable to do justice.

2 and 3. Article 1 of the Indian Constitution defines India, also known as Bharat, as a union of states. Although the term federation is not explicitly used, India functions As a holding-together type of federation where power distribution among states can be unequal. The Parliament has exclusive authority to legislate on Union List subjects. Article 2 allows for the admission or establishment of new states. while Article 3 provides for the formation of new states and the  alteration of existing states’ areas, boundaries, or names.

Dual Citizenship. India’s commitment to the rule of law is grounded in the Constitution which establishes India as a ‘Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic’ with a Parliamentary form of Government. Other key features: Federal system of governance between the Union and the States; Separation of powers between the three organs of the Government; free and fair elections; Equality before the law; A secular state that recognizes freedom of conscience and religion.

Drawn from one source. The salient features of the Indian Constitution include: the lengthiest written constitution, drawn from various sources, a blend of rigidity and flexibility, a federal system with a unitary bias, a parliamentary form of government, a synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy, rule of law, an integrated and independent judiciary. fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, fundamental duties, secularism, single citizenship, judicial review, and the basic structure doctrine.

1 and 2 only. In the context of the Indian Constitution: Legislative Function Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) makes laws, with the President giving assent to bills. Executive Function The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers execute laws and are also part of the legislature, linking the two branches. Judicial Function The judiciary interprets laws and administers justice, reviewing legislative and executive actions for constitutional compliance. This system fosters collaboration and interdependence among branches, with distinct functions but not complete separation of powers.

In India, the term ‘secularism’ was introduced in the year 1976 of the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution.

 Committee on the Functions. GV Mavalankar was the first speaker of Lok Sabha. Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Vallabhbhai Patel. Ad hoc Committee on the National Flag- Rajendra Prasad.

1 and 3. The Constitution empowers the President to proclaim three types of emergencies. National Emergency (Article 352), President’s Rule (State Emergency) (Article 356). Financial Emergency (Article 360).

The National Anthem of India was adopted by the constituent assembly on 24th January 1950. It was first sung on 27 December 1911 in the Kolkata session of INC. India joined the Commonwealth in May 1949. The Constituent Assembly adopted the Indian National Flag On July 22, 1947 and On January 24, 1950, “Vande Mataram” was adopted as the national song

Pingall Venkayya He presented the original design of the Indian fag with red and green colors to Mahatma Gandhi in 1921. The National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947

Dr. KM Munshi. He was a mermber of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, Other names for the preamble: Soul of the Constitution: By Thakurdas Bhargav. identity card of the Constitution: By N.A. Palkhiwala. Keynote to the Constitution: By Sir Ernest Barker.

1935. Government of India Act, 1935 provides the establishment of an All India federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units. It divided the powers between the centre and units in terms of three lists- Federal list, provincial list and the concurrent list. Jawaharlal Nehru called it a “machine with strong brakes but no engine. He also called it a “Charter of Slavery”.

A secular state. It does not consider anyone’s religion as an official religion. India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with unitary features. Atheist State No belief in Gods. Unitary State – Central government holds complete authority. Federal State Central and state governments share autonomy.

93. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389, of which 292 were representatives of the provinces, 93 represented the princely states and 4 were from the chief commissioner provinces of Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and Baluchistan.

15. The Constituent Assembly was formed on 6 December 1946. The idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy.

13 December 1946. The Objective Resolution outlines the fundamental ideas and philosophy of our Constitution, defining the goals of the Constituent Assembly It serves as the basis for the preamble of the Constitution. This important resolution was adopted by the Assembly on January 22, 1947.

26 Jan 1950. The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. The Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, was established on 29th August 1947. A total of 284 members signed the Constitution, which took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to draft

1949. Under Article 343(1), the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script, while Section 3 of the Official Language Act, 1963 talks about the continuance of the English language for official purposes of the Union and for use in Parliament.

BN Rau. On 9 December 1946, the Constituent Assembly of India met for the first time. Temporary President of constituent assembly Dr Sachchidananda Sinha. Permanent President – Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Vice President -HCMukherjee

B Pattabhi Sitaramayya. In 1922, AV Thakkar founded the Bhil Seva Mandal. JB Kripalani was the president of Indian National Congress during Independence. K M Munshi – Founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1938), Member of the Constituent Assembly of India, Minister for Agriculture & Food (1952-53)

KC Wheare was an Australian academic who was an expert on the constitutions of the British Commonwealth. He also described the Indian Constitution as Quasi federal. Granville Austin, a well-known scholar of the Indian Constitution, said, “The amending process has proved itself as one of the most ably conceived aspects of the constitution”. Ivor Jennings said that India is a federation with a strong centralising tendency.

1950. The National Anthem of India, Jana-Gana-Mana, was originally composed in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore and titled “Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata. It was first publicly sung on December 27, 1911, at the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress. It was translated into Hindi by Captain Abid Ali and set to music by Captain Ram Singh.