Paramahansa Mandal was a secret socio-religious group, established in 1849, in Bombay and was closely related to Manav Dharma Sabha which was founded in 1844 in Surat.

Paramahansa Mandali: A secret socio-religious group, established in 1849 in Mumbai.

Jyotirao Govindrao Phule. He was a prominent social reformer from Maharashtra who dedicated his life to eradicating untouchability and caste discrimination. Together with his wife, Savitribai, he played a key role in promoting women’s education in India, founding the first girls’ school in 1848 at Bhidewada, Pune. Major Publications: Tritiya Ratna, Gulamgiri, and Shetkarayacha Aasud.

1781 C.E. It was set up by Warren Hastings of the first Governor General of East India Company. Other universities and colleges: Aligarh Muslim University. originally as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College(1875). Jamia Millia Islamia (1920).Darul Uloom Deoband (1866), Osmania University (1918).

Annie Besant had come to India in 1893. She laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras1898. The Theosophical Society: Theosophy represents the wisdom at the core of all religions when stripped of superstitions and excesses. founded by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott in New York (United States) in 1875. In 1882, they shifted their headquarters to Adyar (Madras Presidency).

Debendranath Tagore (Father of Rabindranath Tagore) founded the Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839. He joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1842.

Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad – Founder of the Ahmadiyya movement. Muhamnmad Allama lqbal wrote the famous song ‘Saare jahan se achha. He is also known for giving birth to the ‘idea of Pakistan’

 Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873, It is also known as the Society of Seekers of Truth. Its aim was to access social right sand civil liberties for people of lower castes, underprivileged and women. Jyotiba Phule (a social activist)Established the first school for girls in India in Pune in 1848. Dalit term was first used by him.

 Paramhans Mandali Founder – Durgaram Mehtaji. Dharma Sabha was formed in 1830 in Calcutta by Radhakanta Deb, primarily for the defense of Hindu orthodoxy.

Prarthana Samaj (1867)

Atmaram Pandurang. Prarthana Samaj was founded with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati, an Indian philosopher, is known for his work Satyarth Prakash and the slogan “Go Back to the Vedas. He also initiated the Shuddhi Movement. Debendranath Tagore founded the Tattva bodhini Sabhain 1839 and joined the Brahmo Samaj(founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in1828) in 1842. The Ramakrishna Mission was established by Swami Vivekananda in May 1897 at Belur Math, West Bengal

Raja Rammohun Roy, known as “the Father of Indian Renaissance.” was an Indian reformer and writer who co-founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, leading to the formation of the Brahmo Samaj. a significant socio-religious reform movement. Honored with the title of Raja by Mughal emperor Akbar 11, his influence marked the beginning of modern thought in Kolkata, particularly with the establishment of the Atmiya Sabha in 1814

Singh Sabha Movement. It was a reform organization for Sikhs, with the first Sabhas established in Amritsar in 1873 and Lahore in 1879. The Babbar Akali Movement : It was founded at the Sikh Educational Conference in Hoshiarpur in 1921. The Gurudwara Reform Movement (Akali Movement)was started in Amritsar in 1920.

Young Bengal Movement. Other Reform Organisations and its Founders The Brahmo Samaj (1828)Raja Ram Mohan Roy, The Veda Samaj(1864) – Keshab Chandra Sen and K.Sridharalu Naidu, The Prarthana Samaj(1867) – Atmaram Pandurang.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts led to the passage of the Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act(Act XV) on July 16, 1856, legalizing widow remarriage in India under East India Company rule. Drafted by Lord Dalhousie and enacted by Lord Canning. the law took effect on July 26, 1856.

Satnami Movement. Guru Ghasidas, the Guru of Satnam Dharma, a Satnami saint and renowned scholar from Chhattisgarh in the early 19th century. He began preaching in the deep forests of Chhattisgarh, spreading his teachings. The Satnami movement, also known as Satnampanth or Sadhanpanth, was a social and religious movement in India that challenged the caste system and the prevailing political and religious authorities.

Swami Vivekananda was a disciple of Ramakrishna. He gave his famous speech at the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago in 1893. He established the Belur Math in West Bengal, and Ramakrishna Mission in1897

Dadabhai Naoroji. He presided over the second session of Indian National Congress at Kolkata(1886). Keshab Chandra Sen- He established Indian Reform association(1870), Member of Brahmo Samaj(1828). Atmaram Pandurang: Founded Prarthana Samaj (1867) with the help of Keshab Chandra Sen.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Father of modern India), Organizations founded :Brahmo Samaj (1828, Kolkata), Atmiya Sabha (1815, Kolkata). He founded the Vedanta College in 1825

Tarabai Shinde (1850-1910) She was a pioneering Indian social reformer and writer who advocated for women’s rights. Her notable work, “Stree Purush Tulana’ (A Comparison BetweenWomen and Men), published in 1882,critiqued the patriarchal society and argued for gender equality. Swarnakumari Devi She was the first Indian Woman editor (the editor of the women’s journal Bharati). Usha Mehta wrote the book “Mahatma Gandhi and Humanism. Pandita Ramabai : She wrote the High Caste Hindu Women, Stree Dharma Neeti, American Encounter

Both a and b. Guru Ghasidas, a 19th-century advocate of the Satnami sect, founded the Satnami community in Chhattisgarh, promoting Satnam (truth) and equality. His teachings share similarities with Hinduism and Buddhism. The Satnamni movement was led by non-Brahman leaders who worked to empower marginalized communities.

BR Ambedkar. He founded’ Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha’ in 1924 to promote and uplift the education of untouchables. Mahatma Gandhi founded Harijan Sevak Sangh in 1932. Narayana Guru founded the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP) in 1903